Factor XIa (FXIa) is a serine protease involved in the coagulation cascade. Moreover, FXI knockout mice were found to be protected from arterial and venous thrombosis. Therefore, that FXIa inhibition…
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), the only known nitric oxide (NO) receptor, participates in NO-sGC-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling. In the cardiovascular system, sGC is activated by NO, leading to the…
The Prostacyclin receptor (also termed the prostaglandin I2 receptor or just IP) is a receptor belonging to the prostaglandin (PG) group of receptors. IP binds to and mediates the biological…
ETA and ETB Receptor are isoforms of endothelin receptor. The ETA receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells mediate vasoconstriction. Otherwise, ETB Receptor is present in both endothelial and vascular smooth…
Endothelin receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the β-group of rhodopsin receptors that bind to endothelin ligands. In addition, there are at least four types known, ETA, ETB (ETB1, ETB2),…
Chronic hypoxia leads to pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodelling in many mammalian species. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is thought to play a key role in the development of pulmonary…
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a form of heart muscle weakness. Firstly, it shows the reduction of cardiac output, as well as thinning and enlargement of left ventricular chambers. Secondly, DCM…
The sigma-1 receptor (σ1R， S1R), one of two sigma receptor subtypes, is a chaperone protein at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that modulates calcium signaling through the IP3 receptor. Moreover, the…
VEGFR are receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The binding of VEGF to VEGFR causes dimerization and autophosphorylation of the receptor. Aflibercept is a VEGF fusion protein for cardiovascular…
NOX1 and NOX4 are two members of the NADPH oxidase family, as well as multiple transmembrane proteins on the cell membrane. NOX1/4 catalyzes oxygen and NADPH into superoxide radicals to participate…