The p38 MAPK pathway is a key regulatory factor for the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines at the transcription and translation levels. There are four splicing variants in the p38 family:…
CD6, a surface glycoprotein of T cells, is a rheostat-type signalosome that tunes T cell activation. It belongs to the superfamily of scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) glycoproteins. CD6 has determinant…
Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) are receptors for single-stranded RNA that reside in the endosome. TLR8 mainly expresses in neutrophils, monocytes, and myeloid dendritic cells. While TLR7 exists in…
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of pattern recognition receptors for innate immune cells to detect various pathogen-associated molecular patterns. To date, ten TLRs have been identified in human cells…
Inflammation and cancer are now coupled in treatment approaches by a growing understanding of the dynamic molecular dialogues between immune and cancer cells. McDonough feline sarcoma viral (v-fms) oncogene homolog…
Many immune diseases may result in the excessive production of various inflammatory cytokines as well as cellular injury. Curcumin plays an important role as an anti-inflammatory agent. Due to Curcumin’s…
NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor. NOD2 is one of cytoplasmic PRRs, and antigen-presenting cells and certain mucosal epithelia primarily express it. It assembles with…
Proinflammatory stimuli induce rapid transcriptional responses. They are essential for host defense from infection. An inflammatory response involves a variety of cell types and expression of inflammatory mediators such as…
Multiple myelomas (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy that accounts for approximately 10% of all hematological malignancies. Many new drugs and therapies apply to this disease, but it remains an…
Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside present in every cell of the human body. Four distinct adenosine receptor subtypes are A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. They belong to the family…