Oxidative stress describes an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis and antioxidants. Normally, cells possess antioxidant defense systems that include ROS degrading molecules (ROS scavengers), such as uric acid,…
Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of intracellular, non-receptor tyrosine kinases that transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway. Importantly, JAK1 and JAK2 are one of the human tyrosine kinase…
Necroptosis is a classical mode of cell death co-regulated by RIPK1, RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL). Necroptosis begins with the activation of death receptors, such as tumor…
There are only two cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) in man, and there are no fewer than 6 lipoxygenases, one of which has been unequivocally linked to human disease, viz., 5-lipoxygenase…
Antifungal agents are drugs that selectively eliminate fungal pathogens from the host with minimal toxicity. Meanwhile, bacteria are prokaryotes and therefore provide many structural and metabolic targets that differ from…
cPLA2α is an intracellular calcium dependent PLA2. It is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and cells. Firstly, cPLA2α can catalyze the release of arachidonic acid (AA) from phospholipids…
PDE4B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE4B gene. Importantly, PDE4B is involved in dopamine-associated and stress-related behaviors. Particularly, study show that reduction in PDE4B activity…
Sirtuin (Sir2 proteins) is a class of proteins. And it possesses either mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase, or deacylase activity, including deacetylase, desuccinylase, demalonylase, demyristoylase and depalmitoylase activity. Sirtuins regulate important biological pathways in…
TLR4 is a transmembrane protein that belongs to the toll-like receptor family member of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family. Firstly, activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) promotes the intracellular…
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a member of the calcitonin peptide family. CGRP has two main forms (α And β). Specifically, CGRP is a highly effective vasodilator. It is important…