Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins important in innate immune system. The members of TLRs are TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12,…
Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) participates in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, including cancer and arthritis. However, there are no therapeutic drugs that inhibit the activity…
Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory response within the brain or spinal cord. The production of cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and secondary messengers mediate this inflammation Neuroinflammation occurs as a consequence…
The colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R or cFMS) is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase. It activates via binding CSF-1 and IL-34, stimulating differentiation, proliferation, survival and migration of monocyte-macrophage…
Osteoarthritis is one of the most frequent chronic diseases. For instance, Osteoarthritis is a major source of pain. The epidemiology of the disorder is complex and multi-factorial. Interestingly, osteoarthritis is…
The retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR) is a subclass of orphan nuclear receptors. There are three subtypes, including RORα, RORβ, and RORγ. Importantly, RORγt is a master regulator for differentiation…
Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of intracellular, nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. It transduces cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway. Four members are in JAK family, they are JAK1, JAK2, JAK3,…
The leading feature of the progressive disease fibrosis is the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and crosslinked proteins. In particular, the two proteins, collagen and elastin, lead to tissue stiffening…