Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the innate immune system by recognizing pathogen-related molecular patterns from various microorganisms. Specifically, TLRs signal by recruiting specific adaptor molecules, leading to…
NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that controls the transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival. Moreover, NF-κB is present in virtually all…
nAChRs (nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) are neuron receptor proteins that signal for muscular contraction upon a chemical stimulus. In mammals, analysis of cDNA proved existence of 17 homologues of nAChR's subunits…
SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA coronavirus. This virus can cause severe acute respiratory syndrome and spreads between people through aerosols and respiratory droplets. It broke out in early 2020,…
Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar, which in turn is caused by a defect in insulin secretion, the inability to produce enough insulin, or the inability…
Serotonin Transporters (SERTs) are integral membrane proteins that transport serotonin from synaptic spaces into presynaptic neurons. SERTs function by reuptake serotonin in the synaptic cleft, effectively terminating the role of…
CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II) is an oligomeric protein kinase assembled by 12−14 monomers in a double-layered ring. Structurally, each monomer consists of an N-terminal catalytic domain, a self-regulatory domain…
CD40 (cluster of differentiation 40) is a costimulatory protein found on antigen-presenting cells (APC). Its receptor belongs to the TNF-receptor superfamily and is important for immune and inflammatory responses, including…