Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a chronic and progressive process affecting kidneys during aging and in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention project that 47% of…
The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a type of nuclear receptor which can also act as a ligand-activated transcription factor. There are three retinoic acid receptors (RAR), RAR-alpha, RAR-beta, and…
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Similar to other nuclear receptors, when activated, FXR translocates to the cell nucleus, forms a…
LOX (lysyl oxidase) is encoded in the human body by the LOX gene. This gene is located on human chromosome 5 and encodes a polypeptide of 417 amino acids. The…
CFTR (Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), mutations of which cause cystic fibrosis, belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family. Transitions between open and closed states of CFTR are regulated…
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is any enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester bond. Usually, people speaking of PDE are referring to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. while, the superfamily of PDE enzymes is classified into…
CFTR (Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) is a member of the ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter superfamily (ABCC7). And the CFTR exists in many cell types throughout the body, but in the…
Integrin αvβ6 is a member of the arginyl glycyl aspartate (RGD) subfamily of heterodimer transmembrane glycoprotein receptor 9. Specifically, αvβ6 is an epigenetic integrin. It is the receptor of extracellular…
Chitinases are chitin-degrading enzymes that belong to the glycosyl hydrolase family. It includes enzymatically active chitinases and chitinase-like proteins without enzymatic activity. Mammals have two distinct genes encoding for chitinase…
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 10% of the adult population in developed countries. Renal fibrosis plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of CKD as well as…