Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is any enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester bond. Usually, people speaking of PDE are referring to cyclic nucleotide…
Chitinases are chitin-degrading enzymes that belong to the glycosyl hydrolase family. It includes enzymatically active chitinases and chitinase-like proteins without…
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) belong to the mitogen-activated protein kinase family and are responsive to stress stimuli. Specifically, JNKs belong…
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid growth factor that stimulates proliferation, chemotaxis, cation currents, and K+ currents in retinal pigment…
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease of progressive fibrosis and respiratory failure. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) implicates in…