α2-adrenoceptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gi heterotrimeric G-protein. Besides, the α2-adrenoceptor not only inhibits the release of their neurotransmitters (autoreceptors) but can also regulate the…
Glucagon plays an important role in glucose metabolism. Upon hypoglycemia, pancreatic alpha cells can secrete glucagon which stimulates hepatic glucose production. However increased glucagon concentrations contribute to diabetic hyperglycemia. In…
NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that controls the transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival. Moreover, NF-κB is present in virtually all…
Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar, which in turn is caused by a defect in insulin secretion, the inability to produce enough insulin, or the inability…
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major global health burden. Osteoarthritis becomes an increasingly greater threat to human well-being at present. P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. There are…
NADPH oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; Nox) is a membrane-bound enzyme complex, which faces extracellular space. It catalyzes the production of superoxide free radical through transferring an electron from…