Muscarinic M3 receptors are a subtype of Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). Specifically, mAChRs is acetylcholine receptor, which forms a G-protein-coupled receptor complex in the cell membrane of some neurons and…
Activator protein 1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in response to a variety of stimuli. Specifically, AP-1 controls many cellular processes, including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis.…
Antipsychotics are a class of medication for managing psychosis, principally in schizophreniabut also in a range of other psychotic disorders. First-generation antipsychotics are dopamine receptor antagonists and are known as…
Bone is a complex tissue that contains various types of cells. There exist two major cell types responsible for bone remodeling are bone-resorbing osteoblasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. Besides, Bone turnover…
Anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Broad-spectrum anticonvulsants are of considerable interest as antiepileptic drugs. In this study, researchers identified promising…
The human dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) contains a large number of polymorphisms in its coding sequence. And DRD4 polymorphic variants associate with numerous behavioral individual differences and some neuropsychiatric…
Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1), also known as GPR40, is a class of G protein-coupled receptors. FFA1 strongly expresses in pancreatic cells, but less in the brain. Meanwhile, FFA1…
PDE2 (phosphodiesterase 2) is one of 21 different PDEs in mammals. Specifically, PDE has different substrate specificity. Some of them are cAMP selective hydrolases, others are cGMP selective hydrolases, others…
Dirofilaria repens is a filarial parasite of canids transmitting by mosquitoes. Besides, adult worms mainly exist in the subcutaneous tissue of dogs. And it deposits microfilariae that circulate in the…