Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that form ion channels and conduct sodium ions (Na+) through the plasma membrane of the cell. In excitable cells such as neurons, muscle cells,…
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are enzymes that cleave fatty acid in position two of phospholipids, hydrolyzing the bond between the second fatty acid “tail” and the glycerol molecule. PLA2s are key…
The cellular prion protein, PrPSc, is a small, cell surface glycoprotein with a function that is currently somewhat ill defined. The highest level of expression of PrPC is in the…
Mannosidases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing α- or β-D-mannose residues in mannoglycosides. Moreover, α-Mannosidase is an important protease involved in glycoprotein synthesis and metabolism. In fact,…
RdRp is a crucial viral enzyme in the life cycle of RNA viruses; hence, it has been targeted in various viral infections, including the HCV, the Zika virus (ZIKV), and…
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a family of L-glutamate receptors, play an important role in learning and memory, and are critical for spatial memory. NMDA receptor antagonists exhibit a neuroprotective effect in…
Lipoic acid can be used as a coenzyme to participate in the acyl transfer of material metabolism in the body. Besides, lipoic acid can eliminate free radicals, which leads to…
F-ATPase exists in the bacterial plasma membrane, mitochondrial inner membrane, and chloroplast thylakoid membrane. Specifically, it uses proton gradients to drive ATP synthesis. It releases newly formed ATP from the…
Adenosine is generated through the hydrolysis of extracellular adenosine mono phosphate (AMP) by the ectonucleotidase CD73. It is an important mechanism for immunosuppression in cancer development. A2aR and A2bR drive…