Interleukins are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signaling molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes). The majority of interleukins are synthesized by…
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling sphingolipid, also known as lysosphingolipid. It is a bioactive lipid mediator, found in body fluids and tissues. S1P regulates lymphocyte recirculation, cardiac function and a…
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid molecule secreted into the circulation mainly by erythrocytes and endothelial cells. First of all, S1P acts via G protein-coupled S1P receptors (S1PRs), is…
Phospholipase is a member of a very complex group of enzymes that break down phospholipids into fatty acids and other compounds. Phospholipase is defined by the enzymatic reaction they catalyze.…
Mitochondria fusion and division can produce the majority of energy to sustain cellular activity. Mitochondria is a highly dynamic organelle. It can undergo the physiological process of fusion and fission.…
Inhibition of monocyte and macrophage function by targeting chemokine receptors represents an attractive strategy for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory diseases. Blockade of CCR2 on whole blood monocytes was demonstrated ex…
Integrin α4β1 is an integrin dimer and is composed of CD49d (alpha 4) and CD29 (beta 1). Specifically, integrin α4β1 promotes the inflammatory response of the immune system by helping white blood cells move…