B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) is a member of the tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) family. BAFF is a trimeric membrane-bound or soluble factor. BAFF binds to three receptors: BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen), TACI…
SARS-CoV-2 PLpro (SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease) is the largest of the SARS-CoV-2 non-structural proteins (212 kDa). Importantly, the amino acid sequence of SARS-CoV-2PLpro is 98 % identical to related proteases from bat coronaviruses BANAL-52…
TLR9 is an important receptor existing in immune system cells (including dendritic cells, macrophages, and other antigen-presenting cells). TLR9 recognizes cellular DNA fragments containing unmethylated cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG DNA) which only…
MASP-2 (Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2) is a key serine protease in the lectin pathway of complement activation, resulting in excessive complement activation by potentiating MBL-dependent MASP-2 activation, and the deposition…
Double leucine zipper kinase (DLK, MAP3K12) and leucine zipper Carrying kinase (LZK, MAP3K13) are two homologous mitogen-activated protein kinases. They are regulators of neuronal apoptosis and axon degradation. And also…
Haemophilia is a blood-related disease, which can impair coagulation function. There are two main types of haemophilia, including haemophilia A and haemophilia B. They occur due to low amounts of…
Coronaviruses are a diverse group of viruses infecting many different animals, and they can cause mild to severe respiratory infections. In 2002 and 2012, respectively, two highly pathogenic coronaviruses with…
Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is a GTPase that is the fundamental component and regulator of mitochondrial fission. It consists of a GTPase and GTPase effector domain. Mitochondrial fission promotes mitophagy…
Oncostatin M (OSM) is a member of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family cytokines. It is mainly secreted by T lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages. OSM plays a significant role in inflammation, autoimmunity,…
RABV (Rabies virus) is a negative-stranded RNA virus of the genus Lyssavirus. RABV is a neurotropic virus that causes rabies in humans and animals. Importantly, RABV can reach the central…