Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorders accompanied by overproduction of oxalate in the liver. Meanwhile, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme responsible for conversion of glyoxylate…
In healthy individuals, nearly all the glucose filtered at the glomerulus is reabsorbed, and no glucose is found in the urine. However, when glucose in plasma exceeds a threshold level,…
Oxidative stress describes an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis and antioxidants. Normally, cells possess antioxidant defense systems that include ROS degrading molecules (ROS scavengers), such as uric acid,…
The GLP receptors belong to a family comprising two members: the GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R, or GLP-1R) and the GLP-2 receptor (GLP2R, or GLP-1R), which can be activated by glucagon-like peptides…
REV-ERB is a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of intracellular transcription factors. Besides, REV-ERB also is a key regulatory component of the circadian clock. Meanwhile, REV-ERB regulates the…
Glucagon plays an important role in glucose metabolism. Upon hypoglycemia, pancreatic alpha cells can secrete glucagon which stimulates hepatic glucose production. However increased glucagon concentrations contribute to diabetic hyperglycemia. In…
Glucagon receptor (GCGR), a 62 kDa protein, is a member of the class B G-protein coupled family of receptors. GCGR mainly exists in the liver and in the kidney. In…
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a 30- or 31-amino acid peptide hormone produced and secreted by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells and certain neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem upon food consumption. GLP-1 can…
The SLC13 family comprises five family members. co-transports, NaS1 and NaS2. Sodium-coupled citrate transporter (NaCT) and NaDC1 and NaDC3 are responsible for transporting cellular anionic intermediates. For example, citrate can…
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a protein that in mammals is encoded by the FGF21 gene. FGF21 is a stress-inducible hormone that has important roles in regulating energy balance…