Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most commonly used anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs. GCs possess outstanding therapeutic effects, however, severe and sometimes irreversible side effects always accompany them. Therefore, it is urgent…
The allele family CARD9 variant relates to increased or protected risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Moreover, the susceptible variant of CARD9 is related to the increase of NF-κ B-mediated…
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are also known as 7TM receptors due to their transmembrane domains. they constitute the largest superfamily of receptors for signaling molecules, ligands Many ligands, including hormones,…
The ubiquitin-proteasome system exerts numerous essential regulatory functions in almost all cell biological pathways. The 26S proteasome degrades polyubiquitylated protein substrates and consists of a 19S regulator bearing ubiquitin receptors…
Infiltration of leukocytes from the peripheral circulation into tissues such as the gut mucosa is an important aspect of immune surveillance. They interact with cytokine or other proinflammatory stimuli-activated endothelial…