Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are complex enzymatic reactions. Protein phosphorylation plays an important role in several cellular processes, including differentiation, cell growth, adhesion, motility, and apoptosis. Moreover, the actions of…
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a member of the serine/threonine kinase family. A number of human pathological conditions link to the upregulated GSK-3. This enzyme regulates a diverse array of…
Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside present in every cell of the human body. Four distinct adenosine receptor subtypes are A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. They belong to the family…
Th17 cells are third subset of CD4+ T effector cells in organ-specific autoimmunity. Th17 cells not only differ from Th1 and Th2 cells by the cytokines they produce but also…
Serotonin (5-HT) acts as a neurotransmitter in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Meanwhile, it acts as a paracrine signaling molecule in the periphery. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract…
Receptor tyrosine kinases are a large family of cell surface receptors responsible for regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, survival, metabolism, and life cycle. Discoidin domain receptors 1 and 2 (DDR1 and…
NF-κB-mediated inflammation is a major pathology in kidney diseases, such as non-kidney inflammatory diseases, and rheumatoid arthritis. HIV infection in the kidney induces NF-κB activation, leading to the production of…
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are inflammatory mediators closely associated with neuronal injury after brain ischemia through the activation of the CysLT1 receptor and the CysLT2 receptor. Specifically, CysLTs, namely leukotriene C4…
In this article, we will introduce a potent and high-affinity agonist of adenosine A2B receptor, BAY 60-6583. BAY 60-6583 exhibits high affinity by binds to mouse, rabbit, and dog A2BAR…
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important neurotransmitter implicated in various physiological and pathophysiological roles. It acts through different subtypes of purinergic receptors. There are seven members in the P2X family…