SGLT2 (glucose cotransporter 2, also known as SLC5A2) is a member of the sodium-glucose cotransporter family and belongs to the sodium-dependent glucose transporters. SGLT2 is mostly located in the brush-like…
PGAM5 (Phosphoglycerate Mutase Family Member 5) is a mitochondrial Ser/Thr phosphatase, usually located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Specifically, it targets the phosphorylation of serine, threonine and histidine residues to exert dephosphorylation…
Sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) is caused by a mutation that replaces a glutamic acid at residue 6 in beta-globin with a valine. This amino acid substitution results in the formation…
Glucokinase is a hexokinase isozyme that facilitates phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. This is the rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism. Glucokinase occurs in cells in the liver and pancreas of…
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR or AHR) is a cytoplasmic receptor and transcription factor that belongs to the family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. The AhR is activated or inhibited by…
Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of intracellular, non-receptor tyrosine kinases that transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway. Importantly, JAK1 and JAK2 are one of the human tyrosine kinase…
p53 (Tumor protein P53; cellular tumor antigen p53; transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53)) is a regulatory protein. The p53 proteins are crucial in vertebrates, where they prevent cancer formation. As such,…
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. A common phenomenon is the presence of large amounts of high molecular weight plasma proteins in the urine. In…
GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1) is a 30- or 31-amino-acid-long peptide hormone deriving from the tissue-specific posttranslational processing of the proglucagon peptide. Importantly, GLP-1 promotes insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. Particularly,…
JAK3 (Janus kinase 3) is a tyrosine kinase enzyme that in humans. Importantly, The JAK3 protein transmits chemical signals from outside the cell to the cell's nucleus. Particularly, JAK3 protein…