Reverse transcriptases (RTs) are enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription. Reverse transcriptases (RTs) use an RNA template and a short…
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. A common phenomenon is the presence of large amounts of high molecular weight plasma proteins in the urine. In…
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. Firstly, the coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) can control virus replication. Secondly, 3CLpro is responsible for cleaving…
Capsid (CA) protein is a major virion-constituent of all retroviruses including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). It is essential for early and late phases in the viral replication cycle.…
HIV is a virus that affects the immune system. HIV infects important cells in the human immune system, such as helper T cells (especially CD4+T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.…
TLR9 is an important receptor existing in immune system cells (including dendritic cells, macrophages, and other antigen-presenting cells). TLR9 recognizes cellular DNA fragments containing unmethylated cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG DNA) which only…
HIV is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically…
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an enzyme responsible for integrating the viral DNA copy of the viral RNA genome into the host chromatin. Specifically, IN is one of the main anti-virus…
Aplaviroc (AK 602), an SDP derivative, is a potent CCR5 antagonist. Additionally, the IC50s are 0.1-0.4 nM for HIV-1Ba-L, HIV-1JRFL, and HIV-1MOKW. In vitro, Aplaviroc exerts potent activity against HIV-1 strains.…
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of protein kinase enzymes with 15 isoforms that can regulate the protein function. PKCs can control the function of otherproteins through the phosphorylation…