Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that form ion channels and conduct sodium ions (Na+) through the plasma membrane. These channels pass through three different states, which are resting state,…
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2s) is an enzyme that cleaves fatty acids in the second position of phospholipids. Specifically, PLA2s can specifically recognize the sn-2 acyl bond of phospholipids and catalyze the…
RAS is the name of a series of related proteins commonly expressed in all cell lineages and organs. Specifically, RAS is a prototype member of the Ras protein superfamily. All…
The arachidonic acid (AA) cascade plays a central role in the biosynthesis of lipid mediators (LMs) with anti-inflammatory properties cascade plays an important role in the biosynthesis of lipid mediators…
Autophagy is a multi-step pathway initiated through the ULK preinitiation complex, which consists of unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) or its homologue ULK2, autophagy-related protein 13 (ATG13), ATG101 and…
PKC isoenzymes are an important family of serine/threonine protein kinases. They contribute to many diverse cellular and tissue functions, as well as human disease pathologies including cancer development and progression.…
Despite dramatic response to first and second-generation EGFR TKIs, resistance emerges over time. The EGFR-T790M mutation accounts for more than half of drug resistance. Third generation (covalent mutation-specific: osimertinib) EGFR…
Neratinib is an irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 59 nM and 92 nM for HER2 and EGFR, respectively. Neratinib has inhibition of tyrosine kinase KDR and Src with…
Amino acids are essential for protein synthesis, they are supporting cell growth, and metabolism. System L belongs to the family of sodium-independent transport proteins. They can carry neutral amino acids…