For individuals with weakened immune systems, fungal infections with high mortality rates could be life-threatening. Although there are many antifungal agents already, drug resistance is still a critical issue. For…
Antifungal agents are drugs that selectively eliminate fungal pathogens from the host with minimal toxicity. Meanwhile, bacteria are prokaryotes and therefore provide many structural and metabolic targets that differ from…
Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) can exert an adjuvant activity on antibody formation and cell-mediated immunity in experimental animals. Furthermore, MDP also can augment the activities of macrophages. On the basis of…
Echinococcins are a class of antifungal drugs. These drugs inhibit glucan synthase, which is responsible for synthesis β1-3 linked glucans. Meanwhile, echinococcin inhibits 1,3 through noncompetitive inhibition- β Glucan synthase…
Melittin is the main component of bee venom and the main pain-causing substance that can cause allergic reactions. When injected into animals and humans Melittin causes nociception and activates pain…
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is an enzyme complex that is a cytochrome oxidase. And, it is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of many bacterial cells and eukaryotes. In addition, it…
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, or NOD-like receptors (NLRs) (also known as nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors), are intracellular sensors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that enter the cell via phagocytosis…
Antifungal drugs are used to treat fungal infections. Fungi causes a variety of diseases in humans, from allergic syndrome to superficial, disfigured and life-threatening invasive fungal disease (IFD). Specifically, antifungal…
Antibiotics are antibacterial substances that are active against bacteria. Antibiotics have an effect on treating and preventing such infections. Meanwhile, they can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A…
5-HT receptors (Serotonin receptors) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) found in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Type: 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4,…