Lupus, technically known as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is an autoimmune disease, characterized by polyclonal B-cell proliferation and a variety of autoantibodies. Common symptoms include painful and swollen joints, fever,…
Interferons (IFNs) are a kind of cytokines, which is used for communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that help eradicate pathogens. There are three…
Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) are receptors for single-stranded RNA that reside in the endosome. TLR8 mainly expresses in neutrophils, monocytes, and myeloid dendritic cells. While TLR7 exists in…
Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the Janus kinase (JAK) family. Specifically, the mammalian JAK family has four members: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and Tyk2. JAK…
Janus kinases are non-receptor tyrosine kinases. In mammals, the family has four members, Jak1, Jak2, Jak3 and Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2). Particularly, the JAK inhibitors offer a new pharmacological strategy…
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), a member of the Tec family of tyrosine kinases, is expressed in B cells, macrophages, and monocytes, but not in T cells. Mutations in the human…