p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays a key role in cellular response, proliferation, survival, cell cycle and cancer migration. Moreover, the p38 MAPK family includes p38α (MAPK14), p38β (MAPK11), p38γ (MAPK12),…
cPLA2α is an intracellular calcium dependent PLA2. It is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and cells. Firstly, cPLA2α can catalyze the release of arachidonic acid (AA) from phospholipids…
Neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) is the most selective of the tachykinin receptors, with highly preferential binding and activation by its endogenous ligand NKB (TAC3). Importantly, NK3R is mainly expressed in…
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a form of heart muscle weakness. Firstly, it shows the reduction of cardiac output, as well as thinning and enlargement of left ventricular chambers. Secondly, DCM…
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolopropionic acid receptor (AMPA receptor) is an ionic glutamate (iGluR) transmembrane receptor. Specifically, it can mediate the rapid synaptic transmission system in the central nervous system. AMPAR, together with…
The sigma-1 receptor (σ1R， S1R), one of two sigma receptor subtypes, is a chaperone protein at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that modulates calcium signaling through the IP3 receptor. Moreover, the…
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Similar to other nuclear receptors, when activated, FXR translocates to the cell nucleus, forms a…
SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1) is an important antioxidant enzyme. It scavenges harmful free radicals in cells and protect neurons from oxidative stress damage. However, mutations in the SOD1 gene can…
AChE and BChE are hydrolases of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Alzheimer's disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory and cognitive decline. Specifically, Its pathological pathway also involves the deposition…
VEGFR are receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The binding of VEGF to VEGFR causes dimerization and autophosphorylation of the receptor. Aflibercept is a VEGF fusion protein for cardiovascular…