Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the innate immune system by recognizing pathogen-related molecular patterns from various microorganisms.…
Hypoxia is a state where oxygen availability/delivery is below the level necessary to maintain physiological oxygen tension for a particular…
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, also referred to as TNFα) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine belonging to a family of trimeric proteins.…
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. In addition,…
HIF (Hypoxia-inducible factor) is a transcriptional factor that plays a role in the physiologic responses to hypoxia. Most oxygen-breathing species…