Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of intracellular, nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. The JAK family is composed of four cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphotransferases (kinases), namely JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and tyrosine kinase 2…
Janus kinases (JAKs) are cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. JAKs link cytokine signaling from membrane receptors to signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT). Furthermore, the JAK-STAT signal pathway transfers the extra-membrane…
Leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), also known as CD11a/CD18 and αLβ2, is a member of the β2-integrin family found on lymphocytes and other leukocytes. The main ligand of LFA-1 is ICAM-1,…
Inhibition of monocyte and macrophage function by targeting chemokine receptors represents an attractive strategy for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory diseases. Blockade of CCR2 on whole blood monocytes was demonstrated ex…
Bone is a complex tissue that contains various types of cells. There exist two major cell types responsible for bone remodeling are bone-resorbing osteoblasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. Besides, Bone turnover…
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic inflammatory joint disease, affecting many people in the industrialized world. Synoviolin (Syvn1) is highly expressed in synoviocytes of patients with RA. Overexpression…
The CC-type chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) is a chemokine receptor of significant importance in human health. CCR1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR1 gene. Moreover,…
Cyclooxygenase (COX) -2 is an inducible form of COX, and it involves in inflammation. In addition, Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a fatal malignancy with an estimated incidence of 3,000 cases…
Biologic agents are highly effective therapies. It greatly improves the standard of care for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Even with the significant improvement in care, the maximal benefit has…
The TRAF protein family comprises seven E3 ligase members, including TRAF6. Distinct receptor signaling pathways have different members, such as the IL-1 receptor family, T-cell receptor (TCR), IL-17 receptor, TNF…