Alpha-adrenergic receptors are cell membrane receptors encoded by six genes (a1A, a1B, a1D, a2A, a2B and a2C). The α1-adrenergic receptor is coupled to phospholipase C via Gq/11, and activation of…
The β-lactams retain a central place in the antibacterial armamentarium. Extensive use of β-lactams has led to the emergence and dissemination of resistance. Resistance can occur by multiple mechanisms, including…
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Similar to other nuclear receptors, when activated, FXR translocates to the cell nucleus, forms a…
Sirtuin (Sir2 proteins) is a class of proteins. And it possesses either mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase, or deacylase activity, including deacetylase, desuccinylase, demalonylase, demyristoylase and depalmitoylase activity. Sirtuins regulate important biological pathways in…
PI3Kδ is a lipid kinase mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells and responsible for key signal transduction in cells of the immune system. Antigens can acutely activate PI3Kδ in B and…
Omaveloxolone (RTA 408) is an agent for Friedreich's Ataxia. And it acts through a combination of activation of the antioxidative transcription factor Nrf2 and inhibition of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor…
Mast cell degranulation peptide (MCDP) is a kind of multifunctional active peptide. MCDP has significant immune and pharmacological activities, while the specific roles depend on dose concentration. Specifically, at low…
Hypoxia is a state where oxygen availability/delivery is below the level necessary to maintain physiological oxygen tension for a particular tissue. It is well-established that when tissue demand exceeds its…
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare bone marrow failure disorder. It manifests with hemolytic anemia, thrombosis, and peripheral blood cytopenias. Destruction of red blood cells by the complement system (an…
5-HT receptors (Serotonin receptors) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs). They mediate both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. The 5-HT receptors modulate the release…