Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine from activated T cells. IL-2 plays a critical function in the generation, differentiation, survival, and homeostasis of immune effector cells. Moreover, IL-2 functions to expand…
TLR9 is an important receptor existing in immune system cells (including dendritic cells, macrophages, and other antigen-presenting cells). TLR9 recognizes cellular DNA fragments containing unmethylated cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG DNA) which only…
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING), an integral ER-membrane protein, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STING1 gene. STING plays an important role in innate immunity. It…
Microtubules are tubulin polymers that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape for eukaryotic cells. Importantly, microtubules are one of the cytoskeletal filament systems in eukaryotic cells.…
HSP (Heat shock proteins) are a group of proteins induced by heat shock, the most prominent members of this group are a class of functionally related proteins involved in the…
Adenosine is generated through the hydrolysis of extracellular adenosine mono phosphate (AMP) by the ectonucleotidase CD73. It is an important mechanism for immunosuppression in cancer development. A2aR and A2bR drive…
The Janus kinase (JAK) family of protein-tyrosine kinase has four members: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. The Janus kinases share seven distinct JAK homology (JH1-JH7) domains. These proteins possess an…
Antibiotics, also known as antibacterials, are medications that destroy or slow down the growth of bacteria. Since ancient times, many civilizations used topical application of mouldy bread, with many references…
In the furnaces of the stars the elements evolved from hydrogen. When oxygen and neon captured successive α particles, the element calcium was born. Calcium ions (Ca2+) are some of…
Despite dramatic response to first and second-generation EGFR TKIs, resistance emerges over time. The EGFR-T790M mutation accounts for more than half of drug resistance. Third generation (covalent mutation-specific: osimertinib) EGFR…