The GLP receptors belong to a family comprising two members: the GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R, or GLP-1R) and the GLP-2 receptor (GLP2R, or GLP-1R), which can be activated by glucagon-like peptides…
Glucagon plays an important role in glucose metabolism. Upon hypoglycemia, pancreatic alpha cells can secrete glucagon which stimulates hepatic glucose production. However increased glucagon concentrations contribute to diabetic hyperglycemia. In…
Glucagon receptor (GCGR), a 62 kDa protein, is a member of the class B G-protein coupled family of receptors. GCGR mainly exists in the liver and in the kidney. In…
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a 30- or 31-amino acid peptide hormone produced and secreted by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells and certain neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem upon food consumption. GLP-1 can…
The SLC13 family comprises five family members. co-transports, NaS1 and NaS2. Sodium-coupled citrate transporter (NaCT) and NaDC1 and NaDC3 are responsible for transporting cellular anionic intermediates. For example, citrate can…
Mitochondria fusion and division can produce the majority of energy to sustain cellular activity. Mitochondria is a highly dynamic organelle. It can undergo the physiological process of fusion and fission.…
Glycosidases are enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex sugars. They take part in the biosynthesis of the oligosaccharide chains and quality control mechanisms in the endoplasmic reticulum…
Glucokinase (GK), also known as hexokinase IV or D, is an enzyme that facilitates phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. While, Glucokinase occurs in cells in the liver, pancreas, gut, and…
Dipeptidyl Peptidases are widely distributed exopeptidases that possess central role in proteolysis. The dipeptidyl peptidase family, including DPP-4 DPP-7, DPP-8, DPP-9, and fibroblast activation protein. Among them, DPP-4 (CD26) is…
In general, obesity more greatly contributes to the global burden of disease (also associated with co-morbidities) in recent years . For instance, there are type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension,…