Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D which generates the bioactive lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). It is responsible for the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and…
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I membrane glycoproteins. They contain intracellular Toll–IL-1 receptor homology (TIR) domains. TLRs recognize a wide range of ligands including lipopolysaccharide, double-stranded RNA and lipoprotein. TLRs…
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play key roles in the immune response. They act as substrates for the synthesis of lipid second messengers involved in cell activation. It includes eicosanoids and…
Cyclooxygenase (COX) -2 is an inducible form of COX, and it involves in inflammation. In addition, Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a fatal malignancy with an estimated incidence of 3,000 cases…
The cytokine IL-10 promotes immune homeostasis via multiple mechanisms. It includes suppressing inflammatory cytokine production by innate immune cells and by promoting regulatory T cell (Treg) function. Loss-of-function mutations in…
Biologic agents are highly effective therapies. It greatly improves the standard of care for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Even with the significant improvement in care, the maximal benefit has…
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of Zn2+-binding, Ca2+-dependent endopeptidases. They play a prominent role in the physiological and pathological degradation of mammalian extracellular matrix (ECM). The activity of MMPs…
Oncogenic c-Ros oncogene1 (ROS1) fusion kinases have been identified in a variety of human cancers and are attractive targets for cancer therapy. The MET/ALK/ROS1 inhibitor has demonstrated promising clinical activity…
SPR741, an antibiotic adjuvant that can permeabilize the Gram-negative membrane. In this article, we will briefly introduce this compound in vitro and in vivo. SPR741 lacks significant antibacterial activity as…
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) is enzymes that cleave fatty acid in position two of phospholipids, hydrolyzing the bond between the second fatty acid “tail” and the glycerol molecule. Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6)…