The innate immune system senses the presence of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through a wide variety of germ-line encoded host sensors. They are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptor…
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRR). They play an essential role in coordinating innate and adaptive immunity to protect the host from bacteria, viruses, other…
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane proteins. They can recognize pathogen-derived macromolecules, thereby playing a key role in the innate immune system. TLR dimerization leads to the activation of…
Motolimod (VTX-2337) is a selective Toll-like receptor (TLR) 8 agonist. In vitro, HEK293 cells with various human TLRs, only Motolimod activates TLR8, Meanwhile, Imiquimod and CpG ODN2006 selectively activate TLR7 and…
The inflammasomes are protein complexes. The innate immune sensors, including NOD-like receptor (NLR) family members (NLRP1, NLRP3, and NLRC4) as well as other non-NLR receptors form them. Upon activation, the…
The bacterial enzyme UDP-3-O--N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) catalyzes the first committed step of lipid A biosynthesis. Additionally, the process represents a promising target in the development of novel antibiotics against Gram-negative…
MyD88 is an adaptor protein. It plays an essential role in the intracellular signaling elicited by IL-1R and several TLRs. MyD88 has a Toll/IL-1R translation initiation region (TIR) domain heterodimerize…
In cancer, CG-200745 is a novel and potent hydroxamate-based pan-HDAC inhibitor. Moreover, another study from Hong Sang Choi demonstrated that CG200745 attenuates renal fibrosis in obstructive kidney disease. Epigenetic modifications…
The serine hydrolases monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is responsible for degrading 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). And the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) degrades N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (anandamide or AEA). They are endogenous agonists…
In several diseases, colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) signaling via cFMS receptor kinase is increased. CSF-1 can promote the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of mononuclear phagocyte lineage. CSF-1 exerts its activities by…