NF-κB-mediated inflammation is a major pathology in kidney diseases, such as non-kidney inflammatory diseases, and rheumatoid arthritis. HIV infection in the kidney induces NF-κB activation, leading to the production of…
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I membrane glycoproteins. They contain intracellular Toll–IL-1 receptor homology (TIR) domains. TLRs recognize a wide range of ligands including lipopolysaccharide, double-stranded RNA and lipoprotein. TLRs…
Exceptional developments in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) have transformed HIV/AIDS from a deadly pandemic to chronic and manageable disease. HIV-1 capsid (CA) has two structurally distinct domains, an N-terminal domain…
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease and associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. HCV associates with an increased incidence of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and…
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) virus infection continues to be a significant health burden, and 2–3% of the global population infected by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The innate immune response…