HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system. HIV infection in humans came from a type of chimpanzee in Central Africa. Studies show that HIV…
HIV-1 protease (PR) is a retrovirus aspartyl protease (retropepsin), an enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of retroviral peptide bonds that is critical to the life cycle of HIV, the retrovirus…
Reverse transcriptases (RTs) are enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription. Reverse transcriptases (RTs) use an RNA template and a short…
Retroviral integrase (IN) is an enzyme produced by a retrovirus (such as HIV) that integrates (forms covalent links between) its genetic information into that of the host cell it infects.…
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. A common phenomenon is the presence of large amounts of high molecular weight plasma proteins in the urine. In…
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Although different small-molecule therapeutics…
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. Firstly, the coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) can control virus replication. Secondly, 3CLpro is responsible for cleaving…
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a huge threat to global public health. Moreover, the constant emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)…
Capsid (CA) protein is a major virion-constituent of all retroviruses including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). It is essential for early and late phases in the viral replication cycle.…
Influenza is an acute respiratory disease. Influenza A, B, and C viruses can all cause influenza. Generally, it occurs during local outbreaks or seasonally. Firstly, the clinical disease has a…