Influenza is an acute respiratory disease. Influenza A, B, and C viruses can all cause influenza. Generally, it occurs during local outbreaks or seasonally. Firstly, the clinical disease has a…
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is a complete membrane protein, which is used by cells to convert extracellular signals into intracellular reactions. This includes the response to hormones and neurotransmitters, as…
HSP (Heat shock proteins) are a group of proteins induced by heat shock, the most prominent members of this group are a class of functionally related proteins involved in the…
Sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) is a signal sphingolipid, also known as a bioactive liposome. Specifically, S1P is an extracellular factor that acts as an effective lipid mediator by binding with specific…
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are negative-sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA viruses from the Orthomyxoviridae family. Moreover, Influenza A viruses cause respiratory infections that range from asymptomatic to deadly. Furthermore, Influenza A viruses…
3M-011 is a potent dual toll-like receptor TLR7/8 agonist and a cytokine inducer. Firstly, in B16-F10 melanoma cells, 3M-011 treatment can decrease B16-F10 melanoma cell counts as a dose-dependent manner. 3M-011 potentiates…
The genetically diverse Orthocoronavirinae (coronavirus, CoV) family circulates in many avian and mammalian species. CoVs include four 4 genera: alpha (group 1), beta (group 2), gamma (group 3) and delta…
The influenza virus is a serious threat to mankind for mankind. Influenza viruses enter the body, they bind to the sialic acid of glycoproteins on the cell surface. Then, they are…
RNA virus represents an enormous public health problem. Although drug therapy is essential to mitigate the significant morbidity and mortality associated with these viruses, the number of antiviral drugs is…
Influenza is one of the major plagues worldwide. Particularly, Influenza is a viral infection that attacks our respiratory system. Influenza A virus remains a major public health concern, both in…