Inflammation involving the innate and adaptive immune systems is a normal response to infection. However, when allowed to continue unchecked, inflammation may result in autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders, neurodegenerative disease,…
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the innate immune system by recognizing pathogen-related molecular patterns from various microorganisms. Specifically, TLRs signal by recruiting specific adaptor molecules, leading to…
RIPK1 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 1) is a serine/threonine protein kinase. It also is a key regulator of programmed cell necrosis (necroptosis). RIPK1 is closely related to the occurrence and development…
Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are critical cytoplasmic pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that play an important role in the host's innate immune response and immunity homeostasis. Additionally, Members of the…
Spns2 (Sphingolipid Transporter 2) is a non-ATP dependent S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate) transporter, that transports S1P from endothelial and lymph-endothelial cells, and regulates S1P concentration in plasma and lymph. Particularly, Sphingosine 1-phosphate…
Muscarinic receptor, also known as muscarinic cholinergic/acetylcholine receptor (mAChR), belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and is found in many parts of the body, such as brain and…
Perindoprilat (S 9780) is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with an IC50 value ranging from 1.5 nM. Besides, Perindoprilat shows an affinity for bradykinin and angiotensin I with specific binding rates of 47%…
Histamine Receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors with histamine as their endogenous ligand. There are four types histamine receptors, H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R. Histamine receptors play a…
Adenosine receptors (ARs) comprise a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) which mediate the physiological actions of adenosine. To date, there are four types of adenosine receptors in humans: A1,…
Interleukin-17 family (IL-17 family) is a pro-inflammatory cystine node cytokine family. After binding to the receptor, IL-17 can activate several signal cascades, leading to the induction of chemokines. As chemokines,…