Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a lysophospholipid mediator. S1P evokes a variety of cellular responses by stimulation of five members of the endothelial cell differentiation gene receptor family. The recent development…
T cells recognize antigen peptides associated with MHC (pMHC) through T cell antigen receptors (TCR). They comprise a complex of two antigen recognition subunits (TCRα/β) along with four signaling subunits…
CD40 (TNFRSF5) and CD40L (CD154, TNFSF5) are the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-TNFR superfamily (TNFSF) costimulatory molecules, and this protein-protein interaction is among the most extensively studied TNFSF members. CD40 is…
A robust antibody response is essential for efficient identification and eradication of pathogenic microbes and toxins. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to autoimmune disease. Specific antigen encounter by…
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is an interstitial lung disease. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis commonly results in respiratory failure and death. Unfortunately, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is one of the most aggressive forms of…