Adenosine is generated through the hydrolysis of extracellular adenosine mono phosphate (AMP) by the ectonucleotidase CD73. It is an important mechanism for immunosuppression in cancer development. A2aR and A2bR drive…
Cell division cycle 25 (Cdc25) protein phosphatases play important roles in the cell cycle under normal conditions and in response to DNA damage. They could activate cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) through…
The HER protein is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor and a member of the epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) family. HER2 acts as an oncogene in carcinomas. In particular, HER2…
Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) is a membrane-bound co-receptor of the tyrosine kinase receptor, which can be used for vascular endothelial growth factor and signal protein family members. Specifically, NRP1 plays a variety…
CXC chemokine receptors are the complete membrane proteins and they can specifically bind and respond to CXC chemokine family cytokines. Specifically, they represent a subfamily of chemokine receptors, a large…
Tumor angiogenesis plays an essential role in carcinogenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. The inflammation is a key feature of the environment within and around tumors. Some studies indicate that the…
As we all know, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase(FPPS) is an important drug target for bone resorption, cancer, and some infectious diseases. Besides, FPPS and undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (UPPS) involves in bacterial…
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. Syk plays an important role in allergic diseases and inflammation. Thus, Syk is an attractive target for therapeutic kinase inhibitors. This…
Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) is a major immunological checkpoint that belongs to the CD28 family. Importantly, it has an essential role in balancing protective immunity and immunopathology, homeostasis and…
In cancer treatment, checkpoint inhibition of adaptive immunity is an important breakthrough of epoch-making significance. However, this therapy doesn’t work to many patients. Interestingly, researchers found that these non-responders usually…