Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an increased pulmonary arterial pressure caused by vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodeling. In addition, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) plays a role in the development of PAH. Specifically,…
Oxidative stress describes an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis and antioxidants. Normally, cells possess antioxidant defense systems that include ROS degrading molecules (ROS scavengers), such as uric acid,…
Alpha-adrenergic receptors are cell membrane receptors encoded by six genes (a1A, a1B, a1D, a2A, a2B and a2C). The α1-adrenergic receptor is coupled to phospholipase C via Gq/11, and activation of…
PPAR, or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, involves in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and vascular inflammation. PPAR-α, also known as NR1C1, is a nuclear receptor protein. It is the…
Reverse transcriptases (RTs) are enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription. Reverse transcriptases (RTs) use an RNA template and a short…
SKA-111 is a highly selective KCa3.1 activator, with hypotensive effect and vasodilator effect.
The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a type of nuclear receptor which can also act as a ligand-activated transcription factor. There are three retinoic acid receptors (RAR), RAR-alpha, RAR-beta, and…
Voltage-gated NaV channels (NaVs) initiate action potentials in excitable cells and are crucial for electrical signaling from bacteria to man. Voltage-gated CaV channels (CaVs) are activated by depolarization during action…
mGluR (metabotropic glutamate receptor) is a type of glutamate receptor that are active through an indirect metabotropic process. They are members of thegroup C family of G-protein-coupled receptors, or GPCRs.…
Inflammation involving the innate and adaptive immune systems is a normal response to infection. However, when allowed to continue unchecked, inflammation may result in autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders, neurodegenerative disease,…