Interleukins are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signaling molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes). The majority of interleukins are synthesized by…
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system. HIV infection in humans came from a type of chimpanzee in Central Africa. Studies show that HIV…
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), the only known nitric oxide (NO) receptor, participates in NO-sGC-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling. In the cardiovascular system, sGC is activated by NO, leading to the…
Favipiravir (T-705), a purine nucleic acid analog, is an antiviral agent approved in Japan in 2014 for therapy of influenza virus infections. In 2020, Favipiravir also received the DCGI approval…
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a complex and heterogeneous inflammatory disease that affects 20% to 30% of patients. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are the potential targets in inflammatory diseases. They have led to…
Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of intracellular, non-receptor tyrosine kinases that transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway. JAK1 is a human tyrosine kinase protein essential for signaling for…
5-HT receptors (Serotonin receptors) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) found in the central and peripheral nervous systems. They mediate both excitatory and…
Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorders accompanied by overproduction of oxalate in the liver. Meanwhile, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme responsible for conversion of glyoxylate…
The Prostacyclin receptor (also termed the prostaglandin I2 receptor or just IP) is a receptor belonging to the prostaglandin (PG) group of receptors. IP binds to and mediates the biological…
In healthy individuals, nearly all the glucose filtered at the glomerulus is reabsorbed, and no glucose is found in the urine. However, when glucose in plasma exceeds a threshold level,…