Coronaviruses (CoV) are large plus-strand RNA viruses. They cause medical disorders such as the common cold, lower respiratory tract infections, and diarrhea. The SARS-CoV genome encodes a large polyprotein. Two…
Hepatitis B is a serious infectious disease of the human liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Meanwhile, HBV infection often becomes chronic. It results in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)….
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection leads to depletion of the immune dysfunction. Thereby results in immunodeficiency and vulnerability to opportunistic infections. As we all know, in the past…
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I membrane glycoproteins. They contain intracellular Toll–IL-1 receptor homology (TIR) domains. TLRs recognize a wide range of ligands including lipopolysaccharide, double-stranded RNA and lipoprotein. TLRs…
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease and associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. HCV associates with an increased incidence of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and…