Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I membrane glycoproteins. They contain intracellular Toll–IL-1 receptor homology (TIR) domains. TLRs recognize a wide range of ligands including lipopolysaccharide, double-stranded RNA and lipoprotein. TLRs…
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease and associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. HCV associates with an increased incidence of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and…
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) virus infection continues to be a significant health burden, and 2–3% of the global population infected by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The innate immune response…
Proteolytic enzymes are key regulators of human physiological processes. It is also essential for the replication of viruses, parasites, and bacteria causing infectious diseases. Cysteine proteases are drug targets because…
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small DNA virus with unusual features similar to retroviruses. HBV is a prototype virus of the Hepadnaviridae family. HBV infections represent a significant burden…