Autophagy is a multi-step pathway initiated through the ULK preinitiation complex, which consists of unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1)…
ULK1/2 is an important protein in autophagy for mammalian cells and homologous Atg1 in yeast. Specifically, it is part of…
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central regulator of cellular and whole-body energy homeostasis. AMPK regulates cellular energy levels by…
S1P (sphingosine 1-phosphate) is an extracellular ligand at five cognate GPCRs and a consequential intracellular lipid intermediate. It affects diverse…
Scientists have demonstrated the regulation of autophagy in inflammation, neurodegeneration, infection, and autoimmunity. And the findings motivate the use of…