PI3Ks are key drivers of the survival and growth of normal B cells. PI3K catalyzes the phosphorylation of PI(4,5)P2 to generate PI(3,4,5)P3. It serves as a docking site at the…
S1P (sphingosine 1-phosphate) is an extracellular ligand at five cognate GPCRs and a consequential intracellular lipid intermediate. It affects diverse cellular processes including migration, growth, and survival. S1P regulates the…
Sigma Ligands has cytotoxic activity in vitro and is able to induce ceramide/caspase-independent apoptosis. In addition, these ligands down-regulate P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mRNA levels in some mouse and human models. In…
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a kind of destructive systemic autoimmune disease. Many different inflammatory cells invade the joint synovium. In addition, the destruction of cartilage and bone is due to…
Mammalian cell division involves an orderly progression through four distinct phases: G1 (growth phase 1), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (growth phase 2), and M (mitosis). During the G1 phase, cells…