The Hedgehog (Hh) protein family includes Sonic (Shh), Indian (Ihh), and Desert (Dhh) hedgehogs, which regulates numerous events in embryonic development. Patched-1 is a receptor for all of the hedgehog…
Immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs) are a class of immunomodulatory drugs. Thalidomide analogs have induced significant antimyeloma effects via immune-modulation, antiangiogenesis, and antiproliferative effects. Specifically, identification of the mechanisms of resistance for…
Necrosis is the death of cells and tissues. The kinase activity of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1/RIPK1) and/or RIP3/RIPK3 mediates this regulated form of necrosis. These results suggest RIP1 and…
NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes are major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In particular, NOX mediates signaling events in a variety of physiological processes, such as hormone biosynthesis, cell signaling,…
Necroptosis is a programmed form of necrosis, or inflammatory cell death. Especially, necroptosis is an alternative mode of regulated cell death mimicking features of apoptosis and necrosis. Necroptosis is triggered…