Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) represents a family of inducible transcription factors. The transcription factor NF-κB regulates multiple aspects of innate and adaptive immune functions. NF-κB serves as a pivotal mediator of…
Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 8, also known as CCR8, is a protein encoded by the CCR8 gene in the human body. Besides, CCR8 is the chemokine receptor of CCL1. Moreover,…
Toll-like receptors belong to a family of pattern recognition receptors, regulate innate immunity and subsequent adaptive immune responses. TLRs can up-regulate costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to activate adaptive…
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I membrane glycoproteins. They contain intracellular Toll–IL-1 receptor homology (TIR) domains. TLRs recognize a wide range of ligands including lipopolysaccharide, double-stranded RNA and lipoprotein. TLRs…
Immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs) are a class of immunomodulatory drugs. Thalidomide analogs have induced significant antimyeloma effects via immune-modulation, antiangiogenesis, and antiproliferative effects. Specifically, identification of the mechanisms of resistance for…