Toll-like receptors belong to a family of pattern recognition receptors, regulate innate immunity and subsequent adaptive immune responses. TLRs can up-regulate costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to activate adaptive…
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I membrane glycoproteins. They contain intracellular Toll–IL-1 receptor homology (TIR) domains. TLRs recognize a wide range of ligands including lipopolysaccharide, double-stranded RNA and lipoprotein. TLRs…
Immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs) are a class of immunomodulatory drugs. Thalidomide analogs have induced significant antimyeloma effects via immune-modulation, antiangiogenesis, and antiproliferative effects. Specifically, identification of the mechanisms of resistance for…
JAK/STAT-dependent cytokines are essential for the development, proliferation, and function of T-cells. The JAK family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases is composed of four isoforms: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. Functioning…
In the NLR family, the NLRP3 inflammasome plays essential roles in the maturation and production of IL-1β and IL-18. Dysregulation of inflammasome and IL-1β affects the pathogenesis of many human…