Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane proteins. They can recognize pathogen-derived macromolecules, thereby playing a key role in the innate immune system. TLR dimerization leads to the activation of…
Motolimod (VTX-2337) is a selective Toll-like receptor (TLR) 8 agonist. In vitro, HEK293 cells with various human TLRs, only Motolimod activates TLR8, Meanwhile, Imiquimod and CpG ODN2006 selectively activate TLR7 and…
The activation of NF-kappa B consists of at least three steps. The processes include degradation of I kappa B alpha, translocation of NF-kappa B into the nucleus, ai post-translational modification…
P38 MAPKs is a class of kinases responsive to stress stimuli. It has four types, including p38α (MAPK14), p38β (MAPK11), p38γ (MAPK12/ERK6), and p38δ (MAPK13/SAPK4). The kinases involve an inflammatory…
Recent research shows that RIP1 kinase activity is an important driver of TNF-mediated inflammation and pathology. Genetic evidence of mice supports it. The mutations shunt signaling down the RIP1 kinase…