Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside present in every cell of the human body. Four distinct adenosine receptor subtypes are A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. They belong to the family…
Toll-like receptors belong to a family of pattern recognition receptors, regulate innate immunity and subsequent adaptive immune responses. TLRs can up-regulate costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to activate adaptive…
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane proteins. They can recognize pathogen-derived macromolecules, thereby playing a key role in the innate immune system. TLR dimerization leads to the activation of…
Motolimod (VTX-2337) is a selective Toll-like receptor (TLR) 8 agonist. In vitro, HEK293 cells with various human TLRs, only Motolimod activates TLR8, Meanwhile, Imiquimod and CpG ODN2006 selectively activate TLR7 and…
The activation of NF-kappa B consists of at least three steps. The processes include degradation of I kappa B alpha, translocation of NF-kappa B into the nucleus, ai post-translational modification…